Achalasia is a condition in which the subject has difficulty in
swallowing food; this happens because of two reasons, first the smooth
esophageal muscle loses its muscle tone and second the esophageal
sphincter opening into the stomach can no longer function properly, it
does not relax and food cannot smoothly pass into the stomach. The
condition is also characterized by regurgitation and sometimes pains in
the chest.
Achalasia is a rare condition and less than 0.001% of
the population contracts it in a year. Although the condition can be
treated and its effects mitigated, there is no definite cure for it.
Also, there is no clear or well-defined cause that can be singled out
for the condition. It is largely considered to be an idiopathic
condition; however, there is some evidence that heredity may play a
role. Achalasia can also occur if the subject is suffering from cancer
of the esophagus. This is not an age-specific condition and can affect
young and old alike.
The esophagus consists of the upper
esophageal sphincter, the body, and the lower esophageal sphincter. The
two sphincters remain closed except when one has to swallow food. This
is to prevent acid and chyme in the stomach from backing up into the
esophagus. The upper sphincter opens when a person swallows food; the
food is pushed down the body of the esophagus due to the peristaltic
motion, and is pushed into the stomach via the open lower sphincter.
This
process is hampered because of the inability of the esophageal body to
undergo peristalsis and the subsequent opening of the lower esophageal
valve cannot be effected.
Symptoms of the condition include
difficulty in swallowing every time one eats. Sometimes this is
accompanied by a pain in the chest because of the food accumulated in
the esophagus. If the food is thrown up there is a risk that it might
enter the lungs through the windpipe and cause infection. Since the
symptoms are similar to what an individual suffering from GERD may
experience, this cause has to first be eliminated. Video-esophagram and
esophageal manometry are two diagnostic tests carried out to conform the
existence of this condition.
Persistent achalasia can lead to
swelling of the esophagus, loss of weight, and an increased chance of
the subject cancer of the esophagus due to continuous irritation of the
esophageal cells.
Achalasia progresses slowly and therefore early
diagnosis is often difficult. All the same, chances of controlling the
condition and benefiting from treatment are high when the disease is
still in the early to mid stage.